动词的时态

发布网友 发布时间：2022-05-11 21:02

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热心网友 时间：2023-10-20 10:20

时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态，但中学阶段较常用的有十种：一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时,过去完成时，现 在完成时和现 在完成进行时.
时态一致
1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现 在时。
At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2）宾语从句中的助动词ought,need,must,dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时　every …，sometimes，　at+时间，on+时间
一般过去时　yesterday,last+时间，时间+ago,the other day,in+过去的时间，just now
一般将来时　next+时间，tomorrow,in+将来的时间，
现在完成时for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past+时间，already,recently
过去完成时　before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as
过去进行时this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from+时间 to+时间 last +时间… when,while
将来进行时　soon,tomorrow,this evening,on+时间，by this time,in+将来的时间，tomorrow evening,this coming Sunday
一般现在时的用法
1） 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every…，sometimes，　at…，on Sunday,always,every day,usually,seldom
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2） 在时间和条件状语中代替将来、表示按规定将要发生的事情（动作）状态和感觉的动作
If you come this afternoon,we will have a meeting.
3） 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4） 现 在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用现在进行时。
一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。
Where did you go just now
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child,I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit,they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth　到……时间了　该……了
It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了　早该……了
It is time for you to go to bed.　你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.　你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4） wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现 在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：现 在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意：用过去时表示现 在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。
Did you want anything else
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could,would.
Could you lend me your bike?
used to / be used to
used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现 在习惯于散步)
一般将来时
1）　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening
2）　be going +不定式，表示将来。
a.主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be proced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.
3）　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4）　be about +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来
will　表意愿
If you are going to make a journey,you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
用现在进行时表示将来
意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状　态，其结果的确和现 在有联系。动作或状态发生在过 去　但它的影响现 在还存在；也可表示持续到现 在的动作或　状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It is the third time that the boy has been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
3）最基本句型
主语+have/has+（already/just）+动词的过去分词+其他
比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现 在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(现 在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1）　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.
2）　(错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.
since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2） since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3） since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraate student.
5）since和for
在现在完成时态，since后面加时间点，for后面加时间段。
延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work.　他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)
I've known him since then.　我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2）　用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示做……直到…… 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到……，才……
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。
过去完成时
1） 概念：表示动作发生在过去，并在过去完成（即是常说的过去的过去）。
用一示意图表示如下：
动作发生
------|----------------|----------|---->
过去的过去 过去 现 在
其基本构成是：had+动词过去分词。
2） 用法
a.　在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b.状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.
3）　过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
注意：　had no … when　还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than　刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
将来完成时
1） 构成是由shall/will + have +过去分词构成的。
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现 在(指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
不用进行时的动词
1） 事实状态的动词
have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2） 心理状态的动词
Know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
⒊) 瞬间动词
accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.
I accept your advice.
4） 系动词
seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn
You seem a little tired.
过去进行时
1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语
this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while
将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
Soon,tomorrow,this evening，on Sunday,by this time，tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach.