奥斯曼帝用英语怎么说
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发布时间：2022-04-26 23:52
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时间：2022-06-20 11:49
The son of Nicolas Valentin Haussmann, a merchant, was born in Paris and ecated at the College Henri IV and subsequently studied law, attending concurrently the classes at the Paris conservatory of music, for he was a good musician.[citation needed] He became sous-préfet of Nérac in 1830, and advanced rapidly in the civil service until in 1853 he was chosen by Persigny prefect of the Seine département in succession to Jean Jacques Berger, who hesitated to incur the vast expenses of the imperial schemes for the embellishment of Paris. Haussmann would remain in this post until 1870.
Commissioned by Napoleon III to instigate a program of planning reforms in Paris,[1] Haussmann laid out the Bois de Boulogne, and made extensive improvements in the smaller parks[2]. The gardens of the Luxembourg Palace (Luxembourg Garden) were cut down to allow of the formation of new streets, and the Boulevard de Sebastopol, the southern half of which is now the Boulevard St Michel, was driven through a populous district. Additional, sweeping changes made wide "boulevards" of hitherto narrow streets. A new water supply, a gigantic system of sewers, new bridges, the opera house, and other public buildings, the inclusion of outlying districts - these were among the new prefect's achievements, accomplished by the aid of a bold handling of the public funds which called forth Jules Ferry's indictment, Les Comptes fantastiques de Haussmann, in 1867 (a play on words between contes, stories or tales - as in Les contes d'Hoffmann or Tales of Hoffmann, and comptes, accounts.)
A loan of 250 million francs was sanctioned for the city of Paris in 1865, and another of 260 million in 1869. These sums represented only part of his financial schemes, which led to his dismissal by the government of Émile Ollivier. After the fall of the Empire he spent about a year abroad, but he re-entered public life in 1877, when he became Bonapartist deputy for Ajaccio.
His work had destroyed much of the medieval city. It is estimated that he transformed 60% of Paris' buildings. Notably, he redesigned the Place de l'Étoile, and created long avenues giving perspectives on monuments such as the Arc de Triomphe and the Opera Garnier.
Haussmann had been made senator in 1857, member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1867, and grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1862. He died in Paris and is buried in Le Cimetière Père Lachaise, Paris. His name is preserved in the Boulevard Haussmann. His later years were occupied with the preparation of his Mémoires (3 vols., 1890-1893).
According to his memoirs [3], Haussmann's use of the title baron was based on his elevation to the Senate and to an 1857 decree of the emperor's that gave Senate members the title of baron; his memoirs further stated that he joked that he might consider the title aquec, (a pun on the French words for 'ke' and 'aquect') but that no such title existed. However, the Dictionary of the Second Empire states that Haussmann used the title of baron casually, out of pride as the only male descendant of his maternal grandfather, Georges Frédéric, Baron Dentzel, a general under the first Napoleon. This use of baron, however, was not official, and he remained, legally, merely Monsieur Haussmann.[4]
热心网友
时间：2022-06-20 11:49
HISTORY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
The Genealogy of the Ottoman Dynasty; Introction; Historical Background; Osman Gazi (1299-1326); Orhan Gazi (1326-1362); Murat I Hüdavendigar (1362-1389); Bayezid I Yildirim (1389-1402); Mehmet (1413-1421); Murat II (1421-1444 & 1446-1451); Mehmet II Fatih (1444-1446 & 1451-1481); Bayezid II Velî (1481-1512); Selim I Yavuz (1512-1520); Süleyman I Kanunî (1520-1566); Selim II (1566-1574); Murat III (1574-1595); Mehmet III (1595-1603); Ahmet I (1603-1617); Mustafa I (1617-1618 & 1622-1623); Osman II Genç (1618-1622); Murat IV (1623-1640); Ibrahim I Deli (1640-1648); Mehmet Iv Avci (1648-1687); Süleyman II (1687-1691); Ahmet II (1691-1695); Mustafa II (1695-1703); Ahmet III (1703-1730); Mahmut I (1730-1754); Osman III (1754-1757); Mustafa III (1757-1774); Abdülhamit I (1774-1789); Selim III (1789-1807); Mustafa IV (1807-1808); Mahmut II (1808-1839); Abdülmecit (1839-1861); Abdülaziz (1861-1876); Murat V (1876); Abdülhamit II (1876-1909); Mehmet V Re¿At (1909-1918); Mehmet VI Vahdettin (1918-1922); Epilogue; Glossary.
热心网友
时间：2022-06-20 11:50
奥斯曼还是奥斯曼帝国啊？
