咬指甲是什么原因
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发布时间：2022-04-24 08:54
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时间：2022-06-18 06:00
小孩子咬指甲是一种常见现象，很多人小时候都有过咬指甲的经历。因此，一些年轻父母对孩子咬指甲的习惯往往不在意。其实，咬指甲是一种不良习惯，对孩子的健康成长有危害。
*304医院消化科李艳梅医生介绍说，人的手接触外界最多，特别是孩子，出于好奇，总喜欢这儿摸摸，那儿抓抓，甚至在地上爬，在指甲缝中和指尖上会沾有大量的细菌、病毒等病原微生物。指甲缝是利于细菌滋生的场所，虫卵在指甲缝中可存活多天。孩子在咬指甲时，无疑会在不知不觉中把大量病菌带入口腔和体内，导致口腔或牙齿感染，严重的还会引发消化道传染病如细菌性痢疾，或者肠道寄生虫病，如蛔虫病、蛲虫病等。
经常咬指甲还会对儿童的牙齿造成伤害，造成牙齿排列不整齐，如牙齿外暴，门牙缺角，影响孩子的容貌。咬指甲还可能造成指甲畸形，破坏甲床，引发出血或感染，损伤甲板，使甲板缩短，周边不整齐，甲板板面粗糙，失去原来光泽，如侵及甲沟，造成甲沟炎。
据报道，目前中国很多儿童体内含铅量过高，除了大气铅污染外，儿童玩具、食品包装和学习用品等带颜色的塑料产品铅含量较高。孩子在玩这些玩具时，手上就会沾染铅，咬指甲时就会把铅吃进体内，因而，纠正爱咬指甲的不良习惯，在一定程度上有助于减少儿童铅的摄入。
李医生说，孩子爱咬指甲，有时反映一种心理情绪，如紧张、抑郁、沮丧、自卑感、敌对感等情绪状态，其根源可能是受关注不够或缺乏安全感。而有些孩子，由于咬手指甲经常受到老师和家长的批评、训斥，反过来又会产生紧张、焦虑的情绪，成为继发性精神刺激因素。
纠正孩子咬指甲的习惯可采用心理疗法和行为矫正法，以耐心说服和鼓励为主，平时多给予孩子心理上的关注，消除造成孩子紧张的因素。引导孩子多参加一些娱乐活动，多交朋友，如让孩子和其他小朋友一块做游戏等，转移其注意力。家长要有耐心和信心，千万不可体罚，不可大声训斥，不要粗暴地强行将孩子的手指从嘴里拉出，这样可能会在潜意识中加重孩子咬指甲的习惯。要培养孩子良好的卫生习惯，如常修剪指甲，对大一点的孩子，可通过讲道理告诉他们咬指甲的危害。
纠正孩子咬指甲的毛病需要一个过程，年龄越小越比较好纠正，所以，家长发现孩子有咬指甲的毛病时就要尽早矫治。
那么如何矫正呢？
专家发现，用习惯扭转法治疗神经性习惯，包括咬指甲、揪头发、吸吮拇指，及一些嘴部的不良习惯如咬唇和磨牙，是最管用的一个方法。
步骤大致如下：
1、教给孩子分辨识别习惯性行为出现的情况，例如想办法让孩子知道自己什么时候最爱咬手指头。
2、教给孩子掌握在习惯性行为出现时运用的对抗反应，例如对自己说“妈妈说了，咬指甲容易生蛔虫。我不要长虫子。”
3、让孩子想象用对抗反应控制习惯性子行为时的情景，如想象肚子里不再有蛔虫，不再闹肚子疼了。
4、父母要给予必要的督促，当孩子成功地使用对抗反应不再出现习惯性行为时，一定及时给以表扬，这叫作社会支持。
对抗反应应该是一种容易做而且与神经性习惯不相容的自然行为。例如，对有咬指甲习惯的学龄期儿童来说，对抗反应就应该是用手握紧铅笔1—3分钟或攥紧拳头1—3分钟。因为握铅笔不论在教室里还是在家里学习时都是一种自然的行为，对抗反应不会引人注意。让孩子先学习辨认每一次开始咬指甲的时间和情境。一旦察觉到这种行为(例如，当手指接触到牙齿时，当手正向嘴移动时)，就应立即中止行为并握紧铅笔。如果孩子当时没有笔可握，对咬指甲的对抗反应就应该用拳头，用另一只手握住它1—3分钟或把手放到口袋里1—3分钟。对孩子使用习惯扭转法时，父母应给予具体指导。
为什么习惯扭转疗法有效呢？这可能源于对抗反应的两种功能：第一种功能在于它是一种替代物，它提供一种替代性行为，从而*习惯性行为。第二种功能在于它是一种惩罚物，因为它是一种不情愿的活动。就是这种双重的功能使对抗反应抑制以致最后消除了习惯性行为。
回答者：≡VIP≡ - 进士出身 八级 12-27 12:02
热心网友
时间：2022-06-18 06:01
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Last Updated: October 24, 2005
Topic Overview
Nail-biting (onychophagia) is a common stress-relieving habit. You may bite your nails in times of stress or excitement, or in times of boredom or inactivity. It can also be a learned behavior from family members. Nail-biting is the most common of the typical "nervous habits," which include thumb-sucking, nose-picking, hair-twisting or -pulling, tooth-grinding, and picking at skin.
You may bite your nails without realizing you are doing it. You might be involved in another activity, such as reading, watching television, or talking on the phone, and bite your nails without thinking about it.
Nail-biting includes biting the cuticle and soft tissue surrounding the nail as well as biting the nail itself.
Who bites their nails?
People of all ages bite their nails. 1
About 50% of children between the ages of 10 and 18 bite their nails at one time or another. Nail-biting occurs most often as teens are going through puberty changes.
About 23% of young alts, ages 18 to 22 years, bite their nails.
Only a small number of other alts bite their nails. Most people stop biting their nails on their own by age 30. About 10% of men over the age of 30 bite their nails.
Boys bite their nails more often than girls after age 10.
Nail-biting may occur with other body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRP) such as hair-pulling or skin-picking.
What treatments are available for nail-biting?
Several treatment measures may help you stop biting your nails. Some focus on behavior changes and some focus on physical barriers to nail-biting.
Keep your nails trimmed and filed. Taking care of your nails can help rece your nail-biting habit and encourage you to keep your nails attractive.
Have a manicure regularly or use nail polish. Men can use a clear polish. Wearing artificial nails may stop you from biting your nails and protect them as they grow out.
Try stress-management techniques if you bite your nails because you are anxious or stressed.
Paint a bitter-tasting polish, such as CONTROL-IT or Thum, on your nails. The awful taste will remind you to stop every time you start to bite your nails.
Try substituting another activity, such as drawing or writing or squeezing a stress ball or silly putty, when you find yourself biting your nails. If you keep a record of nail-biting, you will become more aware of the times when you bite your nails and be able to stop the habit.
Wear gloves, adhesive bandages, or colored stickers whenever possible to remind you not to bite your nails.
Snap a rubber band on the inside of your wrist when you start to bite your nails so you have a negative physical response to nail-biting.
Children may bite their nails more often when they are having problems at school or with friends. Talk with your child or his or her teacher about any new stress at school. Children are more likely to stop biting their nails when they understand what may trigger it. It is also important for your child to help choose a treatment method so he or she can use the treatment successfully.
What problems can develop from nail-biting?
Nail-biting can cause your fingertips to be red and sore and your cuticles to bleed. Nail-biting also increases your risk for infections around your nailbeds and in your mouth. Dental problems and infections of the gums can be caused by nail-biting.
Long-term nail-biting can also interfere with normal nail growth and cause deformed nails.
Rarely, nail-biting may be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD symptoms are usually treated with medications.
Author: Jan Nissl, RN, BS
Susan Van Houten, RN, BSN, MBA
Medical Review: Patrice Burgess, MD - Family Medicine
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
Last Updated: October 24, 2005
参考资料：www.yahoo.com
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时间：2022-06-18 06:01
