关于定语从句的一个问题
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发布时间：2022-05-01 20:21
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热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 17:11
It's the zoo which we visited yesterday，或
It's the zoo where we went yesterday
以下是我的转载：
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
2.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
2.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
2.4 *性和非*性定语从句
1) 定语从句有*性和非*性两种。*性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非*性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（*性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非*性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非*性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非*性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非*性定语从句。
2.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
2.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非*性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非*性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
2.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
2.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了*。
参考资料：http://www.cmr.com.cn/BasicStudy/LearnColumn/EnglishOnline/Page.asp?Eid=7&Itemid=1
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 17:11
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句，称为定语从句，也叫形容词性从句。被从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
eg: a beautiful pig
This is a pig that can sing.
定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句
注：经典语法中把两种从句的区别说的很多，但高考考题中这方面体现的不多，同学们只需要知道有逗号的是非限，非限中不能用that
eg: He is the person who I am looking forward to seeing.
They discussed a question yesterday, which was very importance.
引导定语从句的关系词有两种：关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which,as）,关系副词（when, where, why）
1.that
即可以指人，又可以指物，不能用于非限或作介词宾语
eg: This is the box that I lost yesterday.
She is the girl that I like.
2.who
只修饰人。其中who 即可以修饰主语，也可以修饰宾语，whom只能修饰宾语
注：这里所说的主语或宾语是指在从句中所充当的成分
eg: She is the girl who likes you.
She is the girl who/whom you like.
3.which
只修饰物，也可以整句内容。
eg: She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.
Tom failed in the exam, which made his father angry.
注：先行词是物，用that 不用which的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词all, none, one, any, few, everything等时。但something都可以。
(2)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时
(3)先行词包括人和物两方面
eg: They talked about the things and the persons that they remembered in the school.
注：先行词是物，用which不用that的情况
(1)引导非限时，先行词可以是词或句子，不用that.
(2)作介词宾语时
eg: He built a telescope thought which he could study the skies.
4.as
常用于 such…as, the same…as, as…as等结构中。还可以译为“正如”，即可放句首或句末，而且常用逗号与主句隔开。
eg: This is not such a book as I expected.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
注：the same as 与the same that的区别
eg: This is the same tool as I used that time.这和我上次用的工具一样（是同类）
This is the same tool that I used that time.这和我上次用的是同一把工具（是同一个）
注：as与which的关系
（1）相同点：都能引导非限，先行词可以是整个句子，都可以在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
（2）不同点：
①as引导的从句可位于句首或句末，并有逗号和句子隔开。而which引导的从句，只能放在主句后面。
eg: As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.
=This elephant is like a snake, as everybody can see.
②as有“正如”的意义，which没有。此条也是高考重点。
eg: As Engels ppinted out, labour created man himself.
注：定语从句和同位从句的区别
比较下列两个句子
(1).We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.
(2).We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
a.从语法角度上看，引导同位从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句并不做任何成分，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除了起连接作用外，还在从句中充当句子成分
b.从语意的角度上看，同位语从句与它前面的名词是同位关系，表示其具体的内容，而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，起修饰作用
再比较下面两个句子
(1).Have you heard the news that a war has broken out in the Middle East?
(2).Have you heard the news that I just told you?
c.同位从句的that一般不省略，而定语从句中的that如果作宾语则可以省略
5.whose
即可以指人，也可指物，表示所属关系
eg: Everyone here will help the girl whose father died in the accident.
He bought a big house whose windows are very beautiful.
6.关系副词where ,when ,why
where表示时间, when表示地点, why表示原因，他们在从句中分别作地点状语，时间状语和原因状语。
当先行词虽然表示时间，地点或原因，而关系词在从句中作主语或宾语而不是状语时，要选用that或which，因此解决此类问题时，分析先行词在从句中作什么成分显得十分关键。
eg: I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Shenyang.
I’ll never forget the day that/which we spent together.
The reason which/that he gave isn’t believable.
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday is that he was ill.
解决此类问题我们所采用步骤如下：1，找先行词。2，分析先行词在从句中作什么成分。3，如果作状语，选关系副词，如果作主语或宾语，选关系代词
7. 介词+关系代词 结构
先看下面的例子：
eg: Shenyang is the city where I live.
Shenyang is the city that/which I live in.
Shenyang is the city in which I live.
最后一句话就是我们所说的结构，这一结构在高考中出现的几率十分高，解决此类题我们采用以下步骤。
1．找先行词。2，把先词换到关系代词的位置。3，将句子还原。下面举例说明
例：She is the girl ____ you’re waiting.
A. to whom B. for whom C. in whom D. of whom
通常此类问题都转化为选介词的问题了。找到先行词girl，再将放到whom的位置，将句子还原是：
You’re waiting ____ for the girl。所以，显然选B。
上题可以看出这个介词是由wait这个动词所带来的，但是实际情况要复杂很多。
注：介词+关系代词 结构里介词的选法
(1)根据与前面句词的关系
eg: I can never forget the day____ which I first met her.
(2)根据与后面动词的关系
(3)综合考虑全句内容
eg: He made a hole in the wall ____ which he could see what was happening in the next room.
注：关于引导主语从句时what的用法。
what引导的句词性从句，有时可以不译出来，因为没有准确的汉语意义和它相吻合，但它在从句中充当的成分决定了它独一无二的位置。
我们以下面的例子来感觉一下。
eg: China is no longer what it used to be
China is no longer the country that/which it used to be.
我们有下面两种方式去理解它与定语从句的关系。what一词在句中即起到了先行词又起到了连接词的作用，即双从身分。这是一，还有就是上一句话如果没有what，那么从句中就没有了表语，即真正缺少句子成分。所以，考场同学们一定要仔细分析句子的特点再作结论.
三，强调句型
因为强调句型经常会和名词性从句和定语从句相混淆，所以放在此句讲解
固定结构：
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 从句
在强调人时用who,其它情况一律用that
eg: It was Tom who helped me .
It was in the park that they caught the thief.
注：由于强调句型的特殊格式，考试时同学们如果看见考题的前两个人词是 it is/was时就要首先考虑是不是强调句型。具体判断方法如下
eg: It was these poisonous procts ____ could cause the disease, like flu.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
看到题目前两个单词，先考是不是强调句型。然后把it was 和要填入的空划掉，看所剩的部分是不是完整的句子，如果是，就是强调句型，否则就不是。
所剩部分为： these poisonous procts could cause the disease, like flu 完整，是强调句型，而且强调的是物，所以选A。
再比较下面两个句子
It was the forest ____ we caught the thief.
It was in the forest ____ we caught the thief.
参考资料：摘自我自己的书．
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 17:12
用when的情况是，她前面的这个时间到底是后面的宾语还是时间状语，是宾语的话还是用that,状语的话则是when
It's the zoo where we visited yesterday
不对，应该用that或者which, 因为这zoo是充当后面的visit的宾语，用where的情况是前面修饰的词语是后面的位置壮语的时候,比方说，it's the park where i stayed yesterday,为什么呢,因为公园是做我昨天呆的这个地方的地点状语，说那么多，希望你能领悟点
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 17:12
when
和where在引导定语从句时，在从句中做状语。
which，that，who引导定语从句时，在从句中做主语或宾语
以例句一来说
I'll
never
forgot
the
days.
we
stayed
in
beijing
on
those
days.
一般情况下，when
是可以用介词+which代替的。stay即可以做及物动词也可以做不及物动词
。当及物动词时，就用on
which做引导词；不及物时用when做时间状语
而在例句二中，从句还原后变成了
we
spent
those
days
in
bejing.
spend
是及物动词，后边必须跟宾语，因此只能用which。比如：They
spend
an
hour
on
their
homework.
希望你能看明白
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 17:13
1.He
works
in
a
factory,
at
the
back
of
which
there
is
a
river.
2.They
arrived
at
a
farm
house,
in
front
of
which
sat
a
little
boy.
先行词是这个定语从句中介词的宾语时,这个介词前置.
That
was
the
meeting
ring
which
I
kept
falling
asleep.
