法国作家大仲马怎么介绍?
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发布时间：2022-04-30 10:33
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时间：2022-06-21 07:05
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亚历山大·仲马（法语：Alexandre Dumas发音：[a.lɛk.sɑ̃dʁ dy.ma], 原名 Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, [dy.ma da.vi‿d.la pa.jə.tʁi] ，1802年7月24日－1870年12月5日），19世纪法国浪漫主义作家，世界文学名著《基度山恩仇记》的作者。
大仲马自学成才，一生写的各种著作达300卷之多，主要以小说和剧作著称于世。他最著名的作品包括*山伯爵、三剑客、二十年后和布拉热洛纳子爵，后三部通称为达尔达尼央浪漫三部曲。
家世背景：
大仲马的同名儿子也是法国著名文学家、《茶花女》的作者。为区分，遂称呼为大仲马（法语的Dumas, père）。仲马的译名，是清末翻译家林纾依福州音所译。
大仲马的祖父安东尼-亚历山大·达维·德·拉巴叶特里侯爵曾在法国*任职炮兵总军需官；1760年移居圣多明各（即现在的海地）。1762年3月27日，一个名叫塞塞特·仲马的女黑奴为他生下一个男孩，取名托马·亚历山大，即大仲马之父，仲马是这位女黑奴的姓。
1780年前后，侯爵和他的儿子回到巴黎。1786年托马·亚历山大从军，他以仲马为姓入伍。在不久之后爆发的法国大*中，他以自己过人的勇武与胆识，从行伍的最底层，成为了拿破仑麾下的一名将军。
生平：
大仲马于1802年7月24日生于法国的维勒-科特莱（靠近巴黎），与母亲相依为命，到了十三岁还没念过什麼书，整天在森林游荡，肚子饿了有野鸟饱腹。
後来在公证人事务所当见习生的差，大仲马认识了一个叫阿道夫的贵族朋友，引导他进入文学的殿堂，阿道夫带著大仲马认识戏剧，以及拉马丁等诗人作品，於是大仲马立志要成为一个作家。大仲马拿了打弹子赢来的九十块法郎，前往巴黎打天下。一位将军看在他父亲的面子上，又见他写得一手好字，推荐他到奥尔良公爵府裏当文书，使他能勉强糊口。他经常替法兰西剧院誊写剧本，贴补家用，後来忍不住也自己写上剧本。三年後他的第一出剧本《亨利三世与其宫廷》使他在文学界崭露头角。1844年的《基度山恩仇记》使他成为家喻户晓的作家，从此声名不衰。他一生著有150多部小说，90多个剧本，文集250卷，创作量惊人，作品多达两百七十馀种，甚至还写了一部《烹饪大全》，在法国通俗文学的魅力历久不衰。
原本生性豪爽的大仲马在成名後就更加奢侈，他经常游历四方，足迹遍及整个欧洲，他以“*山伯爵”自居，不惜花费巨资二十万法郎，在巴黎附近的圣日尔曼昂莱森林裏盖了一座新哥德式的*山城堡，在那里款待朋友和*们，举行盛宴和舞会。1847年7月25日，美食家大仲马宴请50位客人，也包括法国大作家巴尔扎克。他又在一片森林中以同样名称建造了另一个城堡式的别墅。
生活上一掷千金，使他常常大量的负债，必须靠大量的作品赚取巨额的片酬，托人代写捉刀成为必要的手段，因此他的作品普遍良莠不齐，饱受研究者的批评。因为挥霍成性和创造力的枯竭，晚年的大仲马非常贫困，为了抵债，他将两座城堡都拍卖了。他的最後一位*是一位美国女演员阿达·孟肯，後来演戏时坠马摔死，大仲马埋葬了她，撑著一把蓝色的雨伞，醉醺醺的来到小仲马家里，大声说道：“孩子，我是来到你这里等死的。”半个月後，大仲马去世，享年六十八岁，小仲马整理他的遗物，发现遗产只剩下最後几块钱。
2002年，法国总统席哈克宣布，将大仲马移灵巴黎的先贤祠，从而与作家维克多·雨果、左拉等人共享此殊荣。
文学特色：
大仲马有句名言：「什麼是历史？就是给我挂小说的钉子啊。」他的小说大多以真实的历史作背景，情节曲折生动，往往出人意料，有历史惊险小说之称。结构清晰明朗，语言生动有力，对话灵活机智等构成了大仲马小说的特色。大仲马并非小说的唯一笔者，有一位中学教师奥古斯特·马凯也参与创作。马凯经人介绍，把三幕剧《狂欢节之夜》送去请大仲马修改润色，改名为《巴蒂尔德》，在巴黎舞台上公演获得好评。马凯又写历史小说《老好人杜韦》，将手稿送给大仲马过目。大仲马把内容单薄的《老好人杜韦》改写成《德·阿芒达尔骑士》，在《新闻报》上连载大获成功。大仲马从此欲罢不能，一生写下数百部的小说。英国学者、诗人安德鲁·兰说过：「大仲马在一展歌喉之前，先得有个音叉定一下音；而他一旦认准了音高，就能一泻千里地唱下去。」
一本大仲马的传记说：“如果您只要读一本大仲马的小说，那请读《三剑客》；如果您有时间读上三本，那麼请加上《*山恩仇记》和《玛歌王后》；如果您要读五本，再加上《二十年後》和《蒙梭罗夫人》；如果您选择十册大仲马的作品，那麼便再加上《大野心家》，《四十五卫士》，《我的回忆录》，《安东尼》和《波治伦子爵》。如果这十本书您都看过了，那麼您铁定已经上了瘾，毋需我们推荐您阅读其他的作品了……”
主要作品：
历史小说-
达达尼昂三部曲(背景为路易十四时代, 法国鼎盛时期)：
《三个火*手》（或译《三剑客》，旧译《侠隐记》）（第1及2卷）Les Trois Mousquetaires [法]，The Three Musketeers[英]
《二十年后》（旧译《续侠隐记》）（第3至5卷）Vingt ans après [法]，Twenty Years After [英]
《布拉热洛纳子爵》（又译《布拉日隆子爵》，旧译《铁面人》《後续侠隐记》《小侠隐记》）（第6至11卷）Le Vicomte de Bragelome[法]，The Vicomte de Bragelonne[英]
瓦洛朝三部曲(也作：“三亨利之战”的三部曲, 背景为法国宗教战争时期)
《玛歌王后》（又译《玛戈王后》，1845年，La Reine Margot [法]）
《蒙梭罗夫人》La Dame de Monsoreau [法]
《四十五卫士》The Forty-five Guardsmen [英]
描写法国君主制崩溃的系列小说(背景为法国大*时期)：
《约瑟·巴尔萨莫》（又译《风雨术士巴尔萨摩》）Joseph Balsamo [英]
《王后的项链》Le Collier de la Reine [法]，The Queen's Necklace [英]
《红房子骑士》(又译《红屋骑士》）Le Chevatier de Maison-Rogue [法]，
The chevalier de Maison Rouge [英]
《昂热·皮都》Ange Pitou [法]
描写拿破仑时期的小说：
《双雄记》（《又名杀手与侠盗》，《耶羽的伙伴》）Les compagnons de Jéhu [法]，The Companions of Jehu [英]
《白与蓝》Les.Blancs.et.les.Bleus.[法] White and Blue[英]
《最后的骑士》Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine[法]The.Last.Cavalier[英]
《*山伯爵》（或译《基度山恩仇记》）Le Comte de Monte-Cristo [法]，The Count of Monte Cristo [英]
为数罕见的爱情小说：
《黑郁金香》（又译《黑色郁金香》）Tulipe noire [法]，The Black Tulip [英]
其他小说：
《阿斯加尼奥》Ascanio [英]
《末日暴君》
《裙钗之战》
《恶狼司令》
《侠盗罗宾汉》
《蘇后玛丽惨史》
戏剧[编辑]
《亨利三世及其宫廷》（1829年）：开创了新的文学体裁--历史剧，浪漫主义戏剧，破除了古典主义“三一律”
《安东尼》（1831年）
《拿破仑》（1831年）
英文：
Alexandre Dumas ，born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas, père, was a French writer. His works have been translated into nearly 100 languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his death, was completed by a scholar and published in 2005, becoming a bestseller. It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier.
Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully proced from the first. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his published works totaled 100,000 pages. In the 1840s, Dumas founded the Théâtre Historique in Paris.
Dumas' father, General Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, was born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) to a French nobleman and an enslaved African woman. At age 14 Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father to France, where he was ecated in a military academy and entered the military for what became an illustrious career.
His father's aristocratic rank helped young Alexandre acquire work with Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. He later began working as a writer, finding early success. Decades later, in the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851, Dumas fell from favor and left France for Belgium, where he stayed for several years. Upon leaving Belgium, Dumas moved to Russia for a few years before going to Italy. In 1861 he founded and published the newspaper L' Indipendente, which supported the Italian unification effort. In 1864 he returned to Paris.
Though married, in the tradition of Frenchmen of higher social class, Dumas had numerous affairs (allegedly as many as forty). In his lifetime, he was known to have at least four illegitimate or "natural" children; although twentieth-century scholars found that Dumas fathered another three "natural" children. He acknowledged, and assisted his son, Alexandre Dumas to become a successful novelist, and playwright. They are known as Alexandre Dumas père (father) and Alexandre Dumas fils (son). Among his affairs, in 1866 Dumas had one with Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress then less than half his age and at the height of her career.
The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the earth. His tongue was like a windmill – once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if the theme was himself.
Personal Life:
On 1 February 1840, Dumas married actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand) (1811–1859).[17] He had numerous liaisons with other women and was known to have fathered at least four children by them:
Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824–1895), son of Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794–1868), a dressmaker. He became a successful novelist and playwright.
Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (5 March 1831 – 1878), the daughter of Belle Krelsamer (1803–1875).
Micaëlla-Clélie-Josepha-Élisabeth Cordier (born 1860), the daughter of Emélie Cordier.
Henry Bauer, the son of a woman whose surname was Bauer.
About 1866, Dumas had an affair with Adah Isaacs Menken, a well-known American actress. She had performed her sensational role in Mazeppa in London. In Paris she had a sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne and was at the peak of her success.
These women were among Dumas' nearly 40 mistresses found by scholar Claude Schopp, in addition to three natural children. Schopp has been researching Dumas for decades, primarily his writings.
