足球的起源英文版
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发布时间:2022-04-30 18:08
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热心网友
时间:2022-05-25 21:29
1958年7月,国际足联现任*阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示:足球起源于中国。
足球的历史可谓悠长久远。早在古希腊就有一种类似今天的手球的游戏。以后,罗马人在此基础上又有所发展。随着罗马人征服欧洲的数百年间,这运动便得以在英伦三岛广为流传。那时已有罗马人为一方,不列颠土居民为一方所进行的比赛。据说那时使用的球是战俘的头颅。以后改用牲畜的膀胱冲气做成球。这种球有一定的弹性,可拍,可踢,时常是许多人一拥而上朝某个目标踢去。当时,比赛的动作粗野,时有参加者受重伤,故被禁止。但是,随着时间的推移,足球运动却愈加普遍,英伦各地有各种各样的规则。尽管已成为事实,但几代英国国王仍然禁止踢球,怕年青人不专心致志地练习武功而受到外来异邦的侵略。
到了伊力莎白女王的后期,足球比赛已能登堂入室。节日期间常有壮观的比赛为人们助兴。1602年,在康沃里举办过一次大规模比赛,双方球门相距三四英里,各教区之间相互比赛,席卷了整个地区。
以后的200年间,英伦三岛进行了各种不通形式的比赛,规则也不尽相同。那时还没有人打算把规则统一起来,也没有把各地方的队组织起来。那时的比赛相当粗野、激烈、有的队员故意踢对方的小腿而不是踢球,简直和斗殴毫无二致。
1823年11月21日,发生了一件改变整个世界足球面貌的具有历史意义的事件。这天,一群学生在操场上踢球。一个叫威廉.韦步埃利斯的15岁的男孩在比赛进行中抱着球跑,这个简单而平常的动作竟然把足球世界分为两部分:允许用手持球的走的成为橄榄球,允许用脚踢、头顶的成为足球。这以后,一些热心于足球运动的人在伦敦一家旅馆里召开会议,起草足球协会的章程,其中有一条明确规定,即禁止手持球走。而允许手持球走的橄榄球联合会直到1871年才成立。
1863年10月26日,英国足球协会在英伦召开了现代足球史上十分重要的会议。比赛归程草拟出来,但有些条文却离今天的规则相距甚远。比如当时有这样一条:当球从球门柱之间进入或在上面的空间越过,不论高度如何,只要不是被手扔、击、运进去的,都算赢一球。那时球员的位置与阵形也不同于今天:每队一名守门员、一名后卫、一名前位和八名前锋。制定规则不久,阵形有所改变:一名守门员、两名后卫、三名前卫和五名前锋。掷界外球,最初只用一只手,但有些球员能巧妙地把球从四、五十码以外掷入球门,因此规则又作了变动,必须双手掷界外球。最早的球门也不同于今天,1883年球门的横梁还是拉一根绳子。由于绳子细些,一些球从上面过去还是从下面过去,一时很难判断,直到1890年,才设置了球网。至于球场的规模也不同于今天,1890年,球场的面积是200码X100码或100码X50码,还有200码X50码的。现在的场地规定是:最大可允许130码长,最小也需要100码长,宽为100码到50码。那时比赛,是由每队各出一名副裁判和主裁判担任“执法官”。直到1891年,才出现持中立态度的现在意义上的裁判----一名裁判和两名巡边员。早期的球队均是业余球员构成的,而现代足球有了职业球员,以踢球为职业的运动员。
我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”, “蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思,“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记匪涨亓写 》里,汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书 .枚乘传》均有记载。
到了唐宋时期,“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行 ,成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。1958年7月,国际足联现任*阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示:足球起源于中国。
当然,由于封建社会的局限,中国古代的 蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本 主义的英国完成的。
热心网友
时间:2022-05-25 21:30
the UK precursor to American Football, which is still happily played over here in the UK. There are two variants of rugby, namely Rugby Union and Rugby League, with one of the chief differences between the two being the number of players per team - 15 in Union and 13 in League, but that's not desperately relevant.
To deal with Rugby Union, a rugby team is divided into the forwards - 8 big hulking guys who form the "scrum" (hence the term line of scrimmage) - and the backs who line up diagonally across the pitch whenever a scrum takes place, but who must be behind the ball. The 7 backs are themselves sub-divided into 2 half-backs (the scrum-half, the guy who feeds the ball into the scrum and distributes it down the line of backs if his side should win the ball, and the fly-half, sometimes known as the standoff-half, who's next down the line), 4 three-quarter backs (the inside and outside centres and a left and right wing) and right at the rear, the full back.
So it's all about the positioning of the players on a rugby pitch. I suspect that American Football adopted and amended these terms.
热心网友
时间:2022-05-25 21:31
The UK precursor to American Football, which is still happily played over here in the UK. There are two variants of rugby, namely Rugby Union and Rugby League, with one of the chief differences between the two being the number of players per team - 15 in Union and 13 in League, but that's not desperately relevant.
To deal with Rugby Union, a rugby team is divided into the forwards - 8 big hulking guys who form the "scrum" (hence the term line of scrimmage) - and the backs who line up diagonally across the pitch whenever a scrum takes place, but who must be behind the ball. The 7 backs are themselves sub-divided into 2 half-backs (the scrum-half, the guy who feeds the ball into the scrum and distributes it down the line of backs if his side should win the ball, and the fly-half, sometimes known as the standoff-half, who's next down the line), 4 three-quarter backs (the inside and outside centres and a left and right wing) and right at the rear, the full back.
So it's all about the positioning of the players on a rugby pitch. I suspect that American Football adopted and amended these terms.
http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=XZ_YIQS9OMzxpJZs6bw0XbrUit2yTal4fW1zoFxXs1Z3N-O0w703UMhYVHUnf4G7-M0yRf6pV2j1hgH2ulfL6Fm2JnI16-IwiFkXl2aF0KS
http://zhidao.baidu.com/link?url=2UDD0sKzWDU6Cgq36Dayn4dPXRuvAd9d_32v4Ez_KDOfi7pzfHJi9VEUtx2Y6njLGzSsXRzqTpFOjnuvpiQPj
热心网友
时间:2022-05-25 21:31
Upstairs incorrect
The United Kingdom soldier kicks head of the prisoner of war