你知道在承德的避暑山庄里还有哪些历史典故吗?和大家分享一下吧52

发布网友发布时间：2023-11-03 02:54

共3个回答

热心网友时间：2024-12-12 11:00

　关于承德避暑山庄历史典故：从清帝康熙于公元1701年出喜峰口勘查热河上营，1703年(康熙四十二年)开始挖湖造堤，至公元1792年继德堂的完工，前后共历康、雍、乾三世，共90多年的时间。这期间正值康乾盛世，国力强盛。农业有充足发展，人口增多，商业发达，阶级关系有所改善，有充裕的人力财力营建大型园林。而中国的园林艺术由春秋战国的萌芽期，经两晋南北朝的形成期，唐宋的发展期，到明清时代，园林艺术达到鼎盛期。特别是经过唐宋时期在园林艺术中融进诗情画意和在明清时期的对外开放，使中国古代造园艺术发展到清代已达到炉火纯清的境地，在处理真山真水及人与自然的和谐统一方面达到艺术顶峰。避暑山庄不仅规模大，而且在总体规划布局和园林建筑设计上都充分利用了原有的自然山水的景观特点和有利条件，吸取唐、宋、明、历代造园的优秀传统和江南园林的创作经验，加以综合、提高，把园林艺术与技术水准推向了空前的高度，成为中国古典园林的最高典范。避暑山庄总面积为5.6平方公里，占地面积相当于两个颐和园的总和，是中国现存最大的皇家园林，内有康熙乾隆钦题72景及其他人文景观共120多组群。1994年，联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心将避暑山庄及周围寺庙列入世界遗产名录。避暑山庄始建于康熙四十二年(1703年)，建成于乾隆五十五年，历时87年，是清代皇帝夏日避暑和处理政务的场所，为我国著名的古代帝王宫苑，这座规模宏大的园林拥有殿、堂、楼、馆、亭、榭、阁、轩、斋、寺、等建筑100余处。它的最大特色是山中有园，园中有山，山区占了整个园林面积的4/5。从西北部高峰到东南部湖沼、平原地带，相对等差180米，形成了群峰环绕、色壑纵横的景，山谷中清泉涌流，密林幽深。当年利用山峰、山崖、山麓、山涧等地形，修建了多处园林、寺庙，其中最引人注目的是遥相对立的两个山峰上的亭子，一个叫“南山积雪”，一个叫“四面云山”。在亭子上远眺，山庄的各风景点，山庄外的几座大庙，以及承德市区，周围山上的奇峰怪石，都可以一览无余。在另一座山峰上还有一座亭子叫“锤峰落照”，在这里磬锤峰首先映入眼帘，每当夕阳西照，磬锤峰被红霞照得金碧生辉，故名“锤峰落照”。山庄的围墙高3米，宽1.5米，长达10公里。墙上筑有垛口，可供巡逻和作战。围墙爬山越水，弯弯曲曲非常严密，当地人叫它"小长城"。这座规模宏大的园林拥有殿、堂、楼、馆、亭、榭、阁、轩、斋、寺、等建筑100余处。山庄的建筑布局大体可分为宫殿区和苑景区两大分。苑景区又可分成湖区、平原区和山区三部分。宫殿区的主要建筑宫殿区是皇帝处理政务和帝后居住的地方，包括“正宫”、“松鹤斋”、“万壑松风”和“东宫”(已毁)四组建筑。正宫是宫殿区的主体建筑，包括9进院落，分为“前朝”、“后寝”两部分。主殿叫“澹泊敬诚”，是用珍贵的楠木建成，因此也叫楠木殿。各种隆重的大典都在这里举行。其后的殿堂分别叫“四知书屋”、“烟波致爽”、“云山胜地”等，是皇帝处理朝政、读书和居住的地方。其他景点还有：避暑山庄门、勤政殿、万岁照房、下马碑、云山胜地楼。湖区虽然没有颐和园的昆明湖那么大，但是由于洲岛错落，湖面被长堤和洲岛分割成5个湖，各湖之间又有桥相通，两岸绿树成荫，显得曲折有致，秀丽多姿。湖区的风景建筑大多是仿照江南的名胜建造的，如“烟雨楼”，是模仿浙江嘉兴南湖烟雨楼的形状修的。金山岛的布局仿自江苏镇江金山。湖中的两个岛分别有两组建筑，一组叫“如意洲”，一组叫“月色江声”。“如意洲”上有假山、凉亭、殿堂、庙宇、水池等建筑，布局巧妙，是风景区的中心。“月色江声”是由一座精致的四合院和几座亭、堂组成。每当月上东山的夜晚，蛟洁的月光，映照着平静的湖水，山庄内万籁俱寂，只有湖水在轻拍堤岸，发出悦耳的声音，“月色江声”的题名便是由此而来。其他景点还有：采菱渡、沧浪屿、澄湖、芳园居、芳渚临流、环碧、热河泉、戒得堂、金莲映日、金山、卷阿胜境、内湖、清舒山馆、如意湖亭、塞湖、上湖和下湖、双湖夹镜与长虹饮练、水芳岩秀、香远益清、芝径云堤、文园狮子林、水心榭。平原区主要是一片片草地和树林。当年这里有万树园，园内有不同规格的蒙古包28座。其中最大的一座是御幄蒙古包，直径达7丈2尺，是皇帝的临时宫殿，乾隆经常在此召见少数民族的王公贵族，宗教首领和外国使节。主要景点：“绿毯八韵”碑、春好轩、宁静斋、暖流暄波、千尺雪、清音阁、万树园、文津阁、永佑寺、永佑寺舍利塔。区内“万树园”古木参天，绿草如茵，*搭有豪华蒙古包，为清帝来山庄时举行宴会和游乐活动的场所。离热河泉南行可达金山岛，岛上亭台楼阁一派江南景色。再沿湖畔南行可到月色江声岛，这里是皇帝读书、望月、听泉之处。再往前即到“水心榭”，它是宫殿区与湖区间的重要通道。站在水心榭，环视四周皆为美景。山庄的西部和北部是山区，这里，峰奇石异，林木繁茂，气候十分荫凉，比承德市区低4-5度，来此尽可体会避暑之情趣。它的最大特色是山中有园，园中有山，山区占了整个园林面积的4/5。从西北部高峰到东南部湖沼、平原地带，相对等差180米，形成了群峰环绕、色壑纵横的景，山谷中清泉涌流，密林幽深。当年利用山峰、山崖、山麓、山涧等地形，修建了多处园林、寺庙，其中最引人注目的是遥相对立的两个山峰上的亭子，一个叫“南山积雪”，一个叫“四面云山”。在亭子上远眺，山庄的各风景点，山庄外的几座大庙，以及承德市区，周围山上的奇峰怪石，都可以一览无余。在另一座山峰上还有一座亭子叫“锤峰落照”，在这里磬锤峰首先映入眼帘，每当夕阳西照，磬锤峰被红霞照得金碧生辉，故名“锤峰落照”。

热心网友时间：2024-12-12 11:01

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