简述培根四假象说

发布网友 发布时间：2022-05-02 17:41

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热心网友 时间：2022-06-21 02:29

培根四假象说

在传统的科学禁锢下，人们的思想固步自封，创始人的学说被凝固，僵化。研究者为了迎合世俗的判断，牺牲个人兴趣，离开自己道路。在科学界出现权威压倒，沽名钓誉，缺乏经验，方法笨拙，极不精细等一系列的弊病。培根将这种科学发展障碍归结为四个假象。分别为：

种族假象，指人性的缺陷。

洞穴假象，是个体差别造成的缺陷。

市场假象，指语言交往中产生的误解。

剧场假象，各种哲学理论造成的错误。

培根的四假象，系统梳理人们在认识中容易陷入的误区，强调理智和事实，由此奠定了实证科学的独立地位。

附上「四假象说」的英文概述：

Bacon also listed what he called the idols (false images) of the mind. He described these as things which obstructed the path of correct scientific reasoning.

Idols of the Tribe (Idola tribus): This is humans’ tendency to perceive more order and regularity in systems than truly exists, and is e to people following their preconceived ideas about things.

Idols of the Cave (Idola specus): This is e to indivials’ personal weaknesses in reasoning e to particular personalities, likes and dislikes.

Idols of the Marketplace (Idola fori): This is e to confusion in the use of language and taking some words in science to have a different meaning than their common usage.

Idols of the Theatre (Idola theatri): This is the following of academic dogma and not asking questions about the world.