诺贝尔的英文简介
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发布时间：2022-04-23 19:35
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热心网友
时间：2023-10-03 09:07
Alfred Bernhard Nobel(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden—December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its previous role as an iron and steel mill. In his last will, he used his enormous fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element Nobelium was named after him.
Personal background
Nobel, a descendant of the seventeenth century scientist, Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1708), was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801-1872). Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833, he went with his family in 1842 to St. Petersburg, where his father (who had invented modern plywood) started a "torpedo" works. Alfred studied chemistry for professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. In 1859 the factory was left to the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831-1888), by whom it was greatly enlarged, and Alfred, returning to America with his family and his father after the bankruptcy of their family business, devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow-students under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Torino). Several explosions were reported at their family-owned factory in Heleneborg, and a disastrous one in 1864 killed Alfred's younger brother Emil and several other workers.
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
Alfred Nobel also wrote Nemesis, a prose tragedy in four acts about Beatrice Cenci, partly inspired by Percy Bysshe Shelley's blank verse tragedy in five acts The Cenci, was printed when he was dying, and the whole stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately after his death, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. The first surviving edition (bilingual Swedish-Esperanto) was published in Sweden in 2003. The play has been translated to Slovenian via the Esperanto version.
Alfred Nobel is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.
●Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually to people (and, in the case of the Peace Prize, sometimes to organizations) who have completed outstanding research, invented ground-breaking techniques or equipment, or made an outstanding contribution to society in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, medicine or physiology and economics. They are widely regarded as the supreme commendation in their respective subject areas. Those honored with a prize are known as Nobel Laureates.
The Prizes were instituted by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel through his will. They were first awarded in 1901, five years after Nobel's death. The prize in economics, instituted by the Bank of Sweden, has been awarded since 1969.
As of October 2006, a total of 781 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, 763 to indivials (34 of these to women) and 18 to organizations. A few Prize winners have declined the award. There are years in which one or more Prizes are not awarded; ring World War II, for instance, no Prizes were awarded in any category between 1940 and 1942. Each Prize stipulates, however, that it must be awarded at least once every five years.
Prizes cannot be revoked. Since 1974, no award may be made posthumously, i.e. nominees must be alive at the time of their nomination.
■List of Chinese Nobel Prize Laureates
·Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957 - Chinese American
·Edmond H. Fischer, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 - Swiss-American (born in China)
·Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998 - Chinese American
·Gao Xingjian, Literature, 2000 - French Emigre
·Chen Ning Yang, Physics, 1957 - Chinese American - See Photo Above
·Samuel C.C. Ting, Physics, 1976 - Michigan-born Chinese American
热心网友
时间：2023-10-03 09:08
alfred nobel
alfred nobel was born on october 21, 1833 in stockholm, sweden. in 1842, when alfred was nine years old, his mother (andrietta ahlsell) and brothers (robert and ludvig) moved to st. petersburg, russia to join alfred's father (immanuel), who had moved there five years earlier. the following year, alfred's younger brother, emil, was born. immanuel nobel, an architect, builder, and inventor, opened a machineshop in st. petersburg and was soon very successful with contracts from the russian government to build defense weapons. because of his father's success, alfred was tutored at home until the age of 16. yet, many consider alfred nobel a mostly self-ecated man. besides being a trained chemist, alfred was an avid reader of literature and was fluent in english, german, french, swedish, and russian.
alfred also spent two years traveling. he spent much of this time working in a laboratory in paris, but also traveled to the united states. upon his return, alfred worked in his father's factory. he worked there until his father went bankrupt in 1859.
alfred soon began experimenting with nitroglycerine, creating his first explosions in early summer 1862. in only a year (october 1863), alfred received a swedish patent for his percussion detonator - the 'nobel lighter.' having moved back to sweden to help his father with an invention, alfred established a small factory at helenborg near stockholm to manufacture nitroglycerine. unfortunately, nitroglycerine is a very difficult and dangerous material to handle. in 1864, alfred's factory blew up - killing several people, including alfred's younger brother, emil.
the explosion did not slow down alfred, and within only a month, he organized other factories to manufacture nitroglycerine.
in 1867, alfred invented a new and safer-to-handle explosive - dynamite. though alfred became famous for his invention of dynamite, many people did not intimately know alfred nobel. he was a quiet man who did not like a lot of pretense or show. he had very few friends and never married. and though he recognized the destructive power of dynamite, alfred believed it was a harbinger of peace. alfred told bertha von suttner, an advocate for world peace,
my factories may make an end of war sooner than your congresses. the day when two army corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil from war and discharge their troops.* unfortunately, alfred did not see peace in his time. alfred nobel, chemist and inventor, died alone on december 10, 1896 after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. after several funeral services were held and alfred nobel's body was cremated, the will was opened. everyone was shocked.
the will
alfred nobel had written several wills ring his lifetime, but the last one was dated november 27, 1895 - a little over a year before he died. nobel's last will left approximately 94 percent of his worth to the establishment of five prizes (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace) to 'those who, ring the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.'
though nobel had proposed a very grandiose plan for the prizes in his will, there were a great many problems with the will.
· relatives of alfred nobel were so shocked that many wanted the will contested.
· the format of the will had formal defects which could have caused the will to be contested in france.
