英文介绍菲律宾的饮食文化
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发布时间：2022-10-19 19:58
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时间：2023-08-24 19:15
The Filipino character is actually a little bit of all the cultures put together. The bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie that Filipinos are famous for is said to be taken from Malay forefathers. The close family relations are said to have been inherited from the Chinese. The piousness comes from the Spaniards who introced Christianity in the 16th century. Hospitality is a common denominator in the Filipino character and this is what distinguishes the Filipino. Filipinos are probably one of the few, if not the only, English-proficient Oriental people today. Pilipino is the official national language, with English considered as the country's unofficial one.
The Filipinos are divided geographically and culturally into regions, and each regional group is recognizable by distinct traits and dialects - the sturdy and frugal llocanos of the north, the instrious Tagalogs of the central plains, the carefree Visayans from the central islands, and the colorful tribesmen and religious Moslems of Mindanao. Tribal communities can be found scattered across the archipelago. The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups.
The country is marked by a true blend of cultures; truly in the Philippines, East meets West. The background of the people is Indonesian and Malay. There are Chinese and Spanish elements as well. The history of American rule and contact with merchants and traders culminated in a unique blend of East and West, both in the appearance and culture of the Filipinos, or people of the Philippines.
Hospitality, a trait displayed by every Filipino, makes these people legendary in Southeast Asia. Seldom can you find such hospitable people who enjoy the company of their Western visitors. Perhaps e to their long association with Spain, Filipinos are emotional and passionate about life in a way that seems more Latin than Asian.
The Spaniards introced Christianity (the Roman Catholic faith) and succeeded in converting the overwhelming majority of Filipinos. At least 83% of the total population belongs to the Roman Catholic faith.
The American occupation was responsible for teaching the Filipino people the English language. The Philippines is currently the third-largest English speaking country in the world.
The Philippines country culture starts in a tropical climate divided into rainy and dry seasons and an archipelago with 7,000 islands.These isles contain the Cordillera mountains; Luzon’s central plains; Palawan’s coral reefs; seas touching the world’s longest discontinuous coastline; and a multitude of lakes, rivers, springs, and brooks.
The population—120 different ethnic groups and the mainstream communities of Tagalog/Ilocano/Pampango/Pangasinan and Visayan lowlanders—worked within a gentle but lush environment. In it they shaped their own lifeways: building houses, weaving cloth, telling and writing stories, ornamenting and decorating, preparing food.
The Chinese who came to trade sometimes stayed on. Perhaps they cooked the noodles of home; certainly they used local condiments; surely they taught their Filipino wives their dishes, and thus Filipino-Chinese food came to be. The names identify them: pansit (Hokkien for something quickly cooked) are noodles; lumpia are vegetables rolled in edible wrappers; siopao are steamed, filled buns; siomai are mplings.
All, of course, came to be indigenized—Filipinized by the ingredients and by local tastes. Today, for example, Pansit Malabon has oysters and squid, since Malabon is a fishing center; and Pansit Marilao is sprinkled with rice crisps, because the town is within the Luzon rice bowl.
When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the pansiterias, with the food given Spanish names for the ease of the clientele: this comida China (Chinese food) includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel); and morisqueta tostada (fried rice).
When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of Mexico that the Philippines were governed. This meant the proction of food for an elite, nonfood-procing class, and a food for which many ingredients were not locally available.
Fil-Hispanic food had new flavors and ingredients—olive oil, paprika, saffron, ham, cheese, cured sausages—and new names. Paella, the dish cooked in the fields by Spanish workers, came to be a festive dish combining pork, chicken, seafood, ham, sausages and vegetables, a luxurious mix of the local and the foreign. Relleno, the process of stuffing festive capons and turkeys for Christmas, was applied to chickens, and even to bangus, the silvery milkfish. Christmas, a new feast for Filipinos that coincided with the rice harvest, came to feature not only the myriad native rice cakes, but also ensaymadas (brioche-like cakes buttered, sugared and cheese-sprinkled) to dip in hot thick chocolate, and the apples, oranges, chestnuts and walnuts of European Christmases. Even the Mexican corn tamal turned Filipino, becoming rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves. The Americans introced to the Philippine cuisine the ways of convenience: pressure-cooking, freezing, pre-cooking, sandwiches and salads; hamburgers, fried chicken and steaks.
Add to the above other cuisines found in the country along with other global influences: French, Italian, Middle Eastern, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese. They grow familiar, but remain “imported” and not yet indigenized.
On a buffet table today one might find, for example, kinilaw na tanguingue, mackerel dressed with vinegar, ginger, onions, hot peppers, perhaps coconut milk; also grilled tiger shrimp, and maybe sinigang na baboy, pork and vegetables in a broth soured with tamarind, all from the native repertoire. Alongside there would almost certainly be pansit, noodles once Chinese, now Filipino, still in a sweet-sour sauce. Spanish festive fare like morcon (beef rolls), embutido (pork rolls), fish escabeche and stuffed chicken or turkey might be there too. The centerpiece would probably be lechon, spit-roasted pig, which may be Chinese or Polynesian in influence, but bears a Spanish name, and may therefore derive from cochinillo asado. Vegetable dishes could include an American salad and a pinakbet (vegetables and shrimp paste). The dessert table would surely be richly Spanish: leche flan (caramel custard), natilla, yemas, lces de naranja, membrillo, torta del rey, etc., but also include local fruits in syrup (coconut, santol, guavas) and American cakes and pies. The global village may be reflected in shawarma and pasta. The buffet table and Filipino food today is thus a gastronomic telling of Philippine history.
What really is Philippine food, then? Indigenous food from land and sea, field and forest. Also and of course: dishes and culinary proceres from China, Spain, Mexico, and the United States, and more recently from further abroad.
What makes them Philippine? The history and society that introced and adapted them; the people who turned them to their tastes and accepted them into their homes and restaurants, and especially the harmonizing culture that combined them into contemporary Filipino fare.
Having recently spent two years, happily squatting, sitting or laying in the aisles of any greater Vancouver or Sunshine Coast public library while researching recipes and cookbooks of every sort of cuisine imaginable (imperative, to check out the professionals, when one is writing his or her own cookbook), I came upon the idea that Canadian cooking-- and therefore eating-- is a four season experience.
How many of your friends have shared special memories of traditional plates or foods, served on special occasions, in their Canadian homes? Sure, but do they ever mention the mundane, the normal things they eat every day? I'd be willing to bet my sombrero that they don't (unless you're talking to a foodie- a food aficionado) simply because for them, it is the norm and the norm is generally so common it borders on boring. Try asking them what they eat every day and depending on their own regions and cultural backgrounds you will receive such an astounding array that it might just whet your appetite.
Meat, green beans, and mashed potatoes don't do justice to the variety of regional and traditional plates served nationwide on Canadian tables today; still, its difficult to explain that in a cultural cornucopia, like Canada, how is it possible to retain any semblance of what is Canadian?
Here, in my adopted Latin American home, I am accused of being from a culture that is not a culture at all; for lack of age (not wisdom, for wisdom is perceived as being in abundant supply in all Canadians and this myth is one I allow them) and for lack of defined and traditional plates of food that embody the geography and history of its people.
Hah! I retaliate! Pah!
Here is what I have begun to understand about the foods we share as a nation and the foods we constantly introce to our nation as a greater, social body.
Being Canadian and eating Canadian are one and the same.
It is a Multi-cultural affair of the heart and taste buds. It is prior history made in the present day, with the roots of aged traditions boiling beneath the surface of both old and new ingredients. It is the synthesis of folklore with innovation. It is the blend of comfort and novelty that fluctuates in harmony with its surroundings and its resources. It is the constant change of the four seasons at local markets, and in today's commercial world it means the continuous availability of International ingredients ready to be prepared and served at home. It is expansive and specific all at once.
Lets talk about: wild salmon and fresh dill, codfish in white sauce, Macintosh apples wrapped in flaky pastry, beef stew left to simmer for hours and served with buttery biscuits, baked butternut or acorn squash, poutine with dark chicken gravy and melted white cheese, pancakes with real maple syrup (best to partake of these in the forest itself, while sitting at a wooden picnic table beside the vat of bubbling and sugary sap- oh man this makes me hungry), deep dish meat pie, boiled dinner (or known as Jig's dinner in Eastern provinces), fresh garden salads with beefsteak tomatoes and garden cukes (if you are Canadian, you know what these are), lobster, clam chowder, bannock (you see, this list could go on forever).
Add ingredients like rice noodles and leafy bok choy or green chilies and curried sauces, throwing in some wide noodle lasagna Bolognese, roasted potatoes and lamb served with tangy feta salad, or cashew chicken, and you will have a better idea of what people are eating, all over the country, tonight. It's not just meat, beans, and potatoes and it is certainly not the fast food hamburger nation, although there is always something for every taste!
So when I invite my local friends, families, and neighbours over for some good old Canadian fare what will I serve?
I will, most likely, serve something that stems from my personal traditions and Maritime background: Something that has simmered all day and something that has been freshly baked in the oven to go with it, with a few laughs for dessert. Or perhaps we'll barbecue a fresh salmon and make potato and garden salads too.
I'll invite them into the house, removing their shoes at the front door, and head directly to the kitchen where we will congregate for a while. I'll put large bowls on the table and have everyone sit around and serve him or herself, passing in clockwise direction. And when they are done I'll ask them to bring their plates to the counter near the sink (would it be too much to ask them to wash or dry as well?).
Guaranteed, someone will ask me for hot sauce to go with his or her potato salad, and to that I will reply…not in Canada, eh! But stay for a while, please, and we'll have a cup of tea (black with milk and sugar) near the fire.
热心网友
时间：2023-08-24 19:15
Filipinos love to eat, and since they're naturally hospitable and gregarious, food is the basis of their social life. Because the feeling of fulfillment after eating rice, their staple ingredient, is relatively short-lived, they eat three meals a day and two snacks in between. Filipinos, especially country folk, rise early. Some will eat a segundo almuerzo (second breakfast) around 10:30, plus a merienda, or mid-afternoon snack. Rural folk eat their main meal at midday, while city dwellers emphasize the evening meal. The diet of poor families is usually rice, fish, vegetables, interspersed with starchy snacks. At fiesta time, all families try to eat meat.
Since few provincial households own a refrigerator, ingredients are customarily either fresh or salted. Housewives go to the market daily to buy their immediate requirements. Leftovers rarely remain after a meal. Extra food is eaten by servants, helpers, and hangers-on, and scraps go to the dog or pig. Food isn't served in courses; people like the complete meal laid out before them so that they can eat simultaneously from all dishes—soup, meat, and vegetables—at random. Cooks provide condiments, flavorings, and dipping sauces to be used at the diner's discretion. Food is eaten with a fork in one hand and a spoon in the other, knives are seldom used. Rural Filipinos prefer to use their hands. Some upscale native restaurants in Manila serve food this way (kamayan-style).
Hospitality
A stranger passing Filipinos who are eating will automatically be invited to "come and eat." It's polite to say you've already eaten. If people insist, or if there's an abundance of food such as at a wedding or fiesta, then by all means participate. Don't accept the first invitation. It's better to point out how inconvenient it would be for the host, or to make a polite excuse, then wait to see if you're pressed further. It's the Filipino way, enabling the visitor to gauge whether an invitation is genuine or not.
Travelers should always take into account the reverence Filipinos have for food. Regular mealtimes are strictly observed. When visiting a home, you'll be offered food and drink. It's polite to wait to be urged to sit at the table or begin eating. If you don't like the food, eat a little and make an excuse rather than reject it outright. Guests leave a little food on the plate to indicate they're satisfied.
参考资料：http://www.globalgourmet.com/destinations/philippines/phileat.html
