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发布时间：2023-03-16 09:50
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时间：2023-05-21 16:48
中国电脑 中国的算盘是最早的运算工具。在人类文明发展的历史上中国曾经在早期计算工具的发明创造方面写过光辉的一页。远在商代，中国就创造了十进制记数方法，领先于世界千余年。到了周代，发明了当时最先进的计算工具——算筹。这是一种用竹、木或骨制成的颜色不同的小棍。计算每一个数学问题时，通常编出一套歌诀形式的算法，一边计算，一边不断地重新布棍。中国古代数学家祖冲之，就是用算筹计算出圆周率在3.1415926和3.1415927之间。这一结果比西方早一千年。 珠算盘是中国的又一独创，也是计算工具发展史上的第一项重大发明。这种轻巧灵活、携带方便、与人民生活关系密切的计算工具，最初大约出现于汉朝，到元朝时渐趋成熟。珠算盘不仅对中国经济的发展起过有益的作用，而且传到日本、朝鲜、东南亚等地区，经受了历史的考验，至今仍在使用。 中国发明创造指南车、水运浑象仪、记里鼓车、提花机等，不仅对自动控制机械的发展有卓越的贡献，而且对计算工具的演进产生了直接或间接的影响。例如，张衡制作的水运浑象仪，可以自动地与地球运转同步，后经唐、宋两代的改进，遂成为世界上最早的天文钟。 记里鼓车则是世界上最早的自动计数装置。提花机原理与计算机程序控制的发展有过间接的影响。中国古代用阳、阴两爻构成八卦，也对计算技术的发展有过直接的影响。莱布尼兹写过研究八卦的论文，系统地提出了二进制算术运算法则。他认为，世界上最早的二进制表示法就是中国的八卦。 经过漫长的沉寂，新中国成立后，中国计算技术迈入了新的发展时期，先后建立了研究机构，在高等院校建立了计算技术与装置专业和计算数学专业，并且着手创建中国计算机制造业。 中国是在1956年研制成功国产计算机的。1958年和1959年中国先后自主研制成功国产小型和大型电子管计算机。60年代中期，中国研制成功一批晶体管计算机，并配制了ALGOL等语言的编译程序和其他系统软件。60年代后期，中国开始研究集成电路计算机。70年代，中国已批量生产小型集成电路计算机。80年代以后，中国开始重点研制微型计算机系统并推广应用；在大型计算机、特别是巨型计算机技术方面也取得了重要进展；建立了计算机服务业，逐步健全了计算机产业结构。 在计算机科学与技术的研究方面，中国在有限元计算方法、数学定理的机器证明、汉字信息处理、计算机系统结构和软件等方面都有所建树。在计算机应用方面，中国在科学计算与工程设计领域取得了显著成就。在有关经营管理和过程控制等方面，计算机应用研究和实践也日益活跃。
The scientific name for electronic computer by early computer, is developed from electric calculator. In 1946, the world appeared the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC", used for calculating trajectory. By the university of Pennsylvania electrician college manufacturing, Moore, the huge volume, but it occupies an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, consumption by nearly 100 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to use. In 1956, transistor electronic computer was born, this is the second generation of computers. Only a few bigger cabinet can will it hold, speed also greatly increased. 1959 appeared in the third generation integrated circuit computer. Early computer by John and von neumann invention (then the computing power of computer now, there are three calculators) is so large, warehouse after between graal development. From 20th century since the 1970s, this is the latest stage of computer development. To 1970, by large scale integrated circuit and vlsi circuits made of "no.1", make the computer clay into the fourth generation. The invention of vlsi, make the electronic computer constantly toward miniaturization, miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligent, systematic direction upgraded. During the 1990s, the computer to "smart" direction development, proce and the brain computer, can undertake similar thinking, learning and memory, network communication, etc. Entering the 21st century, the computer is notebook change, miniaturization and specialization, gigabits per second operation speed over 100 million times, not only operate simple, cheap, and can replace people part mental work, even in some ways expanded the human's intelligence. So, today's microcomputer is what has been aptly called computer. The world's first personal computers launched by IBM in 1981. Introction to Intel's x86 IBM for hardware structure, with Microsoft's ms-dos for the personal computer operating system and formulated to PC/AT for PC specification. Later, launched by Intel microprocessor and Microsoft introced the development of the operating system almost as fast as the development history of personal computers. Wintel architecture comprehensive replaced in the PC world of IBM's dominance. Usually said "the world recognized as the first electronic digital computer" most people think that is available in 1946, "it" ENIAC is mainly used for calculating trajectory. By the university of Pennsylvania is made of electrical engineering college Mohr, its huge volume, covers an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, costs nearly 150 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to use. This statement is widely used Computer basic textbooks in 1973, in fact, according to the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest digital electronic computers, should is the Iowa state university physics department associate professor John o SuoFu and its Tampa that graate assistant cliff Berry (Clifford Berry e., 1918-1963) in October 1939 manufacturing "ABC" (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer). Have this misunderstanding, because "ENIAC" one of the research team at Cleveland, called mo 1941, o John plagiarism SuoFu research achievements of the Tampa in 1946, and apply for a patent. Due to various reasons until 1973 this error is turn them around. (particular case refer to - "John o wikipedia entries and SuoFu" Tampa that hope everyone remember ABC and John o SuoFu, hoped later tantra that can modify this error of textbook. Later in order to commend and commemorative John o SuoFu in computer field tantra it within a great contribution in 1990, former U.S. President bush awarded Tampa SuoFu John o across the highest technology awards - "the state" eeffect ".
Chinese computer Chinese abacus is the earliest computing tools. In the history of the development of human civilization in China was once early computing tools invention aspects wrote a glorious page. Shang, China will have created a decimal numeration method, leading in more than 1,000 years. To the zhou dynasty, invented the most advanced computing tools - count chips. This is a kind of bamboo, wood or bone of different colors made of small stick. Computing every math problems, usually make up a set of GeJue forms of algorithm, side calculation, side constantly to cloth stick. Ancient Chinese mathematician zu chong, is calculated by numerical raised in 3.1415927 3.1415926 and between of PI. The results earlier than the west for a thousand years. Abacus plate is another original Chinese, but also in the history of computing tools in the first major inventions. This light and flexible, convenient to carry, and people's living close calculation tool, first emerged when YuHanChao maturity, to the yuan dynasty. Abacus in Chinese economy not only dish played beneficial effects of the development, and spread to Japan, Korea, southeast Asia and other regions, withstand the test of the history, are still in use. Chinese inventions, it was the direction-guiding cart in waterway written instrument, such as car, jacquard machine drums, not only to the development of automatic control machines have outstanding contributions to computing tools, and the evolution proced direct or indirect impact. For example, it was made of zhang heng waterway, can automatically instrument with earth in moving synchronization, by the tang, song after two generations of improvement, thus became the world's first world. The car is written in the world drum, the earliest automatic counting device. Jacquard machine principle and the development of the computer program control have indirect effects. Ancient Chinese Yao with Yang, Yin constitutes a gossip, and two of the development of computing technology have direct influence. Leibnitz wrote research papers, systematically tabloid forward binary arithmetic algorithms. He thinks, the world's first binary representation is China's gossip. After a long silence, after the founding of new China, Chinese computing entered the new developing period, has established a research organization, in universities and colleges to establish computing technology and device professional and computational mathematics, and hands to create China professional computer manufacturing. China is developed successfully in 1956 in home computer. In 1958 and 1959 China has successfully developed independently domestic small and large tube computer. In the mid 60, China has successfully developed computer, and configuration of the transistor such language ALGOL compiler and other system software. In the late 1960's, China began to study computer integrated circuits. In the 1970s, China has batch proction small integrated circuit computer. In the 1980s, China began after key development microcomputer system and popularized; In large computer, especially huge computer technology has also made important progress; Established computer services, and graally improve the computer instry structure. In computer science and technology research, China in finite element calculation method, mathematical theorems machine proof, Chinese information processing, computer system structure and software all aspects contribute. In computer applications, in Chinese scientific computing and engineering design fields have achieved remarkable success. In the related management and process control, computer application research and practice is increasingly active.来自：求助得到的回答
