George Washington 的英文小故事
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This article is about the first President of the United States. For other uses, see George Washington (disambiguation).
George Washington
1stPresident of the United States
In officeApril 30, 1789[nb] – March 4, 1797
Vice PresidentJohn Adams
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJohn Adams
Senior Officer of the Army
In officeJuly 13, 1798 – December 14, 1799
Appointed byJohn Adams
Preceded byJames Wilkinson
Succeeded byAlexander Hamilton
Commander-in-Chief of theContinental Army
In officeJune 15, 1775 – December 23, 1783
Appointed byContinental Congress
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHenry Knox (U.S. Army)
Delegate to theSecond Continental Congressfrom Virginia
In officeMay 10, 1775 – June 15, 1775
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byThomas Jefferson
Delegate to theFirst Continental Congressfrom Virginia
In officeSeptember 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
BornFebruary 22, 1732Westmoreland, Virginia, British America
DiedDecember 14, 1799 (aged 67)Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.
Resting placeWashington Family TombMount Vernon, Virginia
Political partyIndependent
Spouse(s)Martha Dandridge Custis
ProfessionPlanterMilitary OfficerSurveyor[1]
ReligionEpiscopalian[2]Deism[3]
Signature
Military service
AllegianceGreat BritainUnited States
Service/branchVirginia provincial militiaContinental ArmyUnited States Army
Years of serviceMilitia: 1752–1758
Continental Army: 1775–1783
US Army: 1798–1799
RankLieutenant generalGeneral of the Armies(posthumous: 1976)
CommandsVirginia Colony's regimentContinental ArmyUnited States Army
Battles/warsFrench and Indian War
• Battle of Jumonville Glen
• Battle of Fort Necessity
• Braddock Expedition
• Battle of the Monongahela
• Forbes ExpeditionAmerican Revolutionary War
• Boston campaign
• New York and New Jersey campaign
• Philadelphia campaign
• Yorktown campaign
AwardsCongressional Gold MedalThanks of Congress
^
March 4 is the official start of the first presidential term. April 6
is when Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College and
certified a president. April 30 is when Washington was sworn in.
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731][Note 1][Note 2] – December 14, 1799) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, serving as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army ring the American Revolutionary War. He also presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution established the position of President of the United States, which Washington was the first to hold.
Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the 69
electors in 1788, and he served two terms in office. He oversaw the
creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained
neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won
acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style
established many forms and rituals of government that have been used
since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address.
Further, the peaceful transition from his presidency to the presidency
of John Adams established a tradition that continues into the 21st
century. Historically, Washington has been widely regarded as the "father of his country".[4]
Washington was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia;
his wealthy planter family owned tobacco plantations and slaves. After
both his father and older brother died when he was young, Washington
became personally and professionally attached to the powerful William Fairfax,
who promoted his career as a surveyor and soldier. Washington quickly
became a senior officer in the colonial forces ring the first stages
of the French and Indian War. Chosen by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to be commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, Washington managed to force the British out of Boston in 1776, but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey and restored momentum to the Patriot cause.
Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781.
Historians laud Washington for his selection and supervision of his
generals, encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army,
coordination with the state governors and state militia units,
relations with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and
training. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by
British generals with larger armies. After victory had been finalized
in 1783, Washington resigned as Commander-in-chief rather than seize
power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism.
Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, in 1787 Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution. Elected unanimously
as the first President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to
bring rival factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's
programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an
effective tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition
from Thomas Jefferson).
Washington proclaimed the United States neutral in the wars raging in
Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a
decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs. Washington's "Farewell Address"
was an influential primer on republican virtue and a warning against
partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars. He retired
from the presidency in 1797 and returned to his home, Mount Vernon, and his domestic life where he managed a variety of enterprises. He freed all his slaves by his final will.
Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be
built on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the
national government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open
the western lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, rece
regional tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism.[5] At his death, Washington was hailed as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".[6]
The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many
years, the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed
building the Washington Monument.
As the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial
empire in world history, Washington became an international icon for
liberation and nationalism, especially in France and Latin America.[7] He is consistently ranked among the top three presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and the general public.
Contents1Early life (1732–1753)2French and Indian War (or 'Seven Years War', 1754–1758)2.1Braddock disaster 17552.2Commander of Virginia Regiment2.3Lessons learned3Between the wars: Mount Vernon (1759–1774)4American Revolution (1775–1783)4.1Commander in chief4.2Victory at Boston4.3Defeat at New York City and Fabian tactics4.41777 campaigns4.5Valley Forge4.6Victory at Yorktown4.7Demobilization5United States Constitution6Presidency (1789–1797)6.1Domestic issues6.2Foreign affairs6.3Farewell Address7Retirement (1797–1799)8Death9Legacy9.1Cherry tree9.2Monuments and memorials9.3Papers9.3.1Personal property auction record10Personal life10.1Slavery10.2Religion10.3Freemasonry11Postage and currency12See also13Notes14References15Bibliography16External links
Early life (1732–1753)
Further information: Ancestry of George Washington
The first child of Augustine Washington (1694–1743) and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington (1708–1789), George Washington was born on their Pope's Creek Estate near present-day Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia. According to the Julian calendar and Annunciation Style of enumerating years, then in use in the British Empire, Washington was born on February 11, 1731; when the Gregorian calendar was implemented in the British Empire in 1752, in accordance with the provisions of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, his birth date became February 22, 1732.[8][Note 1][Note 2]
Washington's ancestors were from Sulgrave, England; his great-grandfather, John Washington, had emigrated to Virginia in 1657.[9] George's father Augustine was a slave-owning tobacco planter who later tried his hand in iron-mining ventures.[10] In George's youth, the Washingtons were moderately prosperous members of the Virginia gentry, of "middling rank" rather than one of the leading planter families.[11]
At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave
society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy
was based on slave labor.[12]
Six of George's siblings reached maturity, including two older half-brothers, Lawrence
and Augustine, from his father's first marriage to Jane Butler
Washington, and four full siblings, Samuel, Elizabeth (Betty), John
Augustine and Charles. Three siblings died before becoming alts: his
full sister Mildred died when she was about one,[13] his half-brother Butler died while an infant,[14] and his half-sister Jane died at the age of 12, when George was about 2.[13]
George's father died when George was 11 years old, after which George's
half-brother Lawrence became a surrogate father and role model. William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law and cousin of Virginia's largest landowner, Thomas, Lord Fairfax, was also a formative influence.
Washington spent much of his boyhood at Ferry Farm in Stafford County near Fredericksburg. Lawrence Washington inherited another family property from his father, a plantation on the Potomac River which he later named Mount Vernon. George inherited Ferry Farm upon his father's death and eventually acquired Mount Vernon after Lawrence's death.[15]
The death of his father prevented Washington from crossing the Atlantic
to receive the rest of his ecation at England's Appleby School, as
his older brothers had done. He received the equivalent of an elementary
school ecation from a variety of tutors,[16] and also a school run by an Anglican clergyman in or near Fredericksburg.[17] Talk of securing an appointment in the Royal Navy for him when he was 15 was dropped when his mother learned how hard that would be on him.[18]
Thanks to Lawrence's connection to the powerful Fairfax family, at age
17 in 1749, Washington was appointed official surveyor for Culpeper County, a well-paid position which enabled him to purchase land in the Shenandoah Valley, the first of his many land acquisitions in western Virginia. Thanks also to Lawrence's involvement in the Ohio Company,
a land investment company funded by Virginia investors, and Lawrence's
position as commander of the Virginia militia, Washington came to the
notice of the new lieutenant governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie. Washington was hard to miss: At exactly six feet, he towered over most of his contemporaries.[19]
In 1751, Washington travelled to Barbados with Lawrence, who was suffering from tuberculosis, with the hope that the climate would be beneficial to Lawrence's health. Washington contracted smallpox ring the trip, which left his face slightly scarred, but immunized him against future exposures to the dreaded disease.[20] Lawrence's health did not improve; he returned to Mount Vernon, where he died in 1752.[21]
Lawrence's position as Adjutant General (militia leader) of Virginia
was divided into four offices after his death. Washington was appointed
by Governor Dinwiddie as one of the four district adjutants in February
1753, with the rank of major in the Virginia militia.[22] Washington also joined the Freemasons fraternal association in Fredericksburg at this time.[23]French and Indian War (or 'Seven Years War', 1754–1758)
Main article: George Washington in the French and Indian War
See also: Military career of George Washington, Battle of Jumonville Glen, Battle of Fort Necessity, and Forbes Expedition
Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754).
In 1753, the French began expanding their military control into the "Ohio Country",
a territory also claimed by the British colonies of Virginia and
Pennsylvania. These competing claims led to a war in the colonies called
the French and Indian War (1754–62), and contributed to the start of the global Seven Years' War
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